Linear time is a relatively recent invention. Before the seventeenth century, no major civilization organized its understanding of time as a one-way arrow. Newton formalized the concept. The industrial revolution weaponized it. Factory clocks controlled labor. The eight-hour day, the five-day week, the quarterly report: the needs of industrial capitalism to commodify human attention into uniform, extractable units.
Before Newton, every civilization on Earth understood time as cyclical. The Hindu yugas map four ages descending from golden to iron, after which the wheel turns back to gold. Plato’s Great Year describes one full precessional cycle, roughly 25,920 years, after which all conditions repeat. The Mayan Long Count nests cycles within cycles. Spengler found the same spring-summer-autumn-winter arc in every civilization he studied. Even the biblical tradition is more cyclical than its inheritors admit. Ecclesiastes, the jubilee cycles, Revelation’s recycling of Exodus. Augustine deliberately suppressed the cyclical reading in City of God Book XII, arguing it undermined the Church’s authority. His polemic is evidence for the thesis: he was arguing against something with traction among early Christians. The linear reading won because it was more useful to the institution.
Linear time is a 300-year-old experiment running inside a 10,000-year tradition of cyclical observation. The wheel turns whether you believe in it or not.